Working of WI-VI(WIRELESS VISION)

Saturday, 23 November 2013
Hi friends,this time came up with new technology "WI-VI(Wireless Vision)".This technology uses  "WI-FI"(Wireless Fidilety) to allow user to look into the walls.This technology analyses the reflected WI-FI signals to estimate an object in a particular room,even if it is in motion we can able to detect the exact location of object.
Here in this case,the user has two antennas which generate WI-FI signals continuously with 180 degree phase difference and a single receiver.Generally a portion of WI-FI signal can penetrate in to wall.When two antennas radiate,due to 180 degree change in phase they cancel out each other without reaching at receiver when they hit any stationary objects,but when these signals hit any moving object there generates a change which will appear at the receiver,by analyzing the received signal we estimate perfect location of object.
Actually this concept is similar to RADAR(Radio detection and ranging),in which 'radio' signals are transmitted in to space to 'detect' the presence of object and 'ranging' involves knowing the exact location of object from the system,how?range or distance is speed over time,we know the speed of transmitting signal and the time taken for signal to strike the object from system(user),by this range is detected.
WI-VI systems are capable of tracking the person in a closed room.Assume that a WI-VI device is fixed outside the room,initially room is empty,when a person enters into it based on the movement of person the device is capable of showing variations i.e when he moves towards the WI-VI, signal may be in one format and when he moves away from it we can see the signal in another format.A small variations can also be grabbed by WI-VI device.

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Introduction to Zener diode

Monday, 11 November 2013
Hi friends,this time we wanna discuss about zener diode which is heavily doped diode and is specially fabricated to with stand high power dissipation.
Main application of zener diode is, it can act as a voltage regulator.
Forward characteristics of zener diode:
when high potential is applied at anode compared to cathode,then the characteristics of 
zener diode are
Negative characteristics of zener diode:
when lower potential is applied at anode compared to cathode,then the characteristics of 
zener diode are
Major concern related to zener diode is determining the state in which the zener diode is residing,there are various steps that to be followed in this process,
  1. Replace zener diode by an open circuit
  2. Find terminal voltage across the diode from N to P side,say vt
  3. If vt>vz,  zener is reverse ON  and replace it with vz
  4. If vt<vz,  zener is OFF and hence open circuit.
Consider a circuit ,
now the circuit becomes 
Terminal voltage Vt=(8*1.2)/(1+1.2)=4.3v and since Vt<Vz zener is OFF hence open circuit.
If  RL=3.6k then terminal voltage Vt=(8*3.6)/(1+3.6)=6.26v. Here Vt>Vz hence zener is reverse ON and replace zener diode with Vz=6v.
Now the question is how to place a terminal voltage,the answer is conventional direction of zener voltage is considered to be opposite to the direction of normal PN diode,because  PN diode is used in forward biased and zener diode is used in reverse biased.
For RL=3.6,the circuit becomes 
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